/* ****************************************************************************** ** ** @file : LinkerScript.ld ** ** @author : Auto-generated by STM32CubeIDE ** ** @brief : Linker script for STM32F103RETx Device from STM32F1 series ** 512KBytes FLASH ** 64KBytes RAM ** ** Set heap size, stack size and stack location according ** to application requirements. ** ** Set memory bank area and size if external memory is used ** ** Target : STMicroelectronics STM32 ** ** Distribution: The file is distributed as is, without any warranty ** of any kind. ** ****************************************************************************** ** @attention ** ** Copyright (c) 2025 STMicroelectronics. ** All rights reserved. ** ** This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file ** in the root directory of this software component. ** If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS. ** ****************************************************************************** */
/* Entry Point */ ENTRY(Reset_Handler)
/* Highest address of the user mode stack */ _estack = ORIGIN(RAM) + LENGTH(RAM); /* end of "RAM" Ram type memory */
_Min_Heap_Size = 0x200; /* required amount of heap */ _Min_Stack_Size = 0x400; /* required amount of stack */
/* Sections */ SECTIONS { /* The startup code into "FLASH" Rom type memory */ .isr_vector : { . = ALIGN(4); KEEP(*(.isr_vector)) /* Startup code */ . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
/* The program code and other data into "FLASH" Rom type memory */ .text : { . = ALIGN(4); *(.text) /* .text sections (code) */ *(.text*) /* .text* sections (code) */ *(.glue_7) /* glue arm to thumb code */ *(.glue_7t) /* glue thumb to arm code */ *(.eh_frame)
KEEP (*(.init)) KEEP (*(.fini))
. = ALIGN(4); _etext = .; /* define a global symbols at end of code */ } >FLASH
/* Constant data into "FLASH" Rom type memory */ .rodata : { . = ALIGN(4); *(.rodata) /* .rodata sections (constants, strings, etc.) */ *(.rodata*) /* .rodata* sections (constants, strings, etc.) */ . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
.ARM.extab (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */ { . = ALIGN(4); *(.ARM.extab* .gnu.linkonce.armextab.*) . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
.ARM (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */ { . = ALIGN(4); __exidx_start = .; *(.ARM.exidx*) __exidx_end = .; . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
.preinit_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */ { . = ALIGN(4); PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .); KEEP (*(.preinit_array*)) PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .); . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
.init_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */ { . = ALIGN(4); PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .); KEEP (*(SORT(.init_array.*))) KEEP (*(.init_array*)) PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .); . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
.fini_array (READONLY) : /* The "READONLY" keyword is only supported in GCC11 and later, remove it if using GCC10 or earlier. */ { . = ALIGN(4); PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .); KEEP (*(SORT(.fini_array.*))) KEEP (*(.fini_array*)) PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .); . = ALIGN(4); } >FLASH
/* Used by the startup to initialize data */ _sidata = LOADADDR(.data);
/* Initialized data sections into "RAM" Ram type memory */ .data : { . = ALIGN(4); _sdata = .; /* create a global symbol at data start */ *(.data) /* .data sections */ *(.data*) /* .data* sections */ *(.RamFunc) /* .RamFunc sections */ *(.RamFunc*) /* .RamFunc* sections */
. = ALIGN(4); _edata = .; /* define a global symbol at data end */
} >RAM AT> FLASH
/* Uninitialized data section into "RAM" Ram type memory */ . = ALIGN(4); .bss : { /* This is used by the startup in order to initialize the .bss section */ _sbss = .; /* define a global symbol at bss start */ __bss_start__ = _sbss; *(.bss) *(.bss*) *(COMMON)
. = ALIGN(4); _ebss = .; /* define a global symbol at bss end */ __bss_end__ = _ebss; } >RAM
/* User_heap_stack section, used to check that there is enough "RAM" Ram type memory left */ ._user_heap_stack : { . = ALIGN(8); PROVIDE ( end = . ); PROVIDE ( _end = . ); . = . + _Min_Heap_Size; . = . + _Min_Stack_Size; . = ALIGN(8); } >RAM
/* Remove information from the compiler libraries */ /DISCARD/ : { libc.a ( * ) libm.a ( * ) libgcc.a ( * ) }
.ARM.attributes 0 : { *(.ARM.attributes) } }
$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-readelf -a cpptest.elf ELF Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2's complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX - System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: ARM Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x8000361 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 706172 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x5000200, Version5 EABI, soft-float ABI Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 3 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 26 Section header string table index: 25
Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al [ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0 [ 1] .isr_vector PROGBITS 08000000 001000 0001e4 00 A 0 0 1 [ 2] .text PROGBITS 080001e4 0011e4 000c80 00 AX 0 0 4 [ 3] .rodata PROGBITS 08000e64 001e64 000024 00 A 0 0 4 [ 4] .ARM.extab PROGBITS 08000e88 00200c 000000 00 W 0 0 1 [ 5] .ARM PROGBITS 08000e88 00200c 000000 00 W 0 0 1 [ 6] .preinit_array PREINIT_ARRAY 08000e88 00200c 000000 04 WA 0 0 1 [ 7] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 08000e88 001e88 000004 04 A 0 0 4 [ 8] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 08000e8c 001e8c 000004 04 A 0 0 4 [ 9] .data PROGBITS 20000000 002000 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4 [10] .bss NOBITS 2000000c 00200c 000020 00 WA 0 0 4 [11] ._user_heap_stack NOBITS 2000002c 00202c 000604 00 WA 0 0 1 [12] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 00000000 00200c 000029 00 0 0 1 [13] .debug_info PROGBITS 00000000 002035 00217c 00 0 0 1 [14] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 0041b1 000ba6 00 0 0 1 [15] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 00000000 004d58 000370 00 0 0 8 [16] .debug_rnglists PROGBITS 00000000 0050c8 000272 00 0 0 1 [17] .debug_macro PROGBITS 00000000 00533a 0176f5 00 0 0 1 [18] .debug_line PROGBITS 00000000 01ca2f 003a17 00 0 0 1 [19] .debug_str PROGBITS 00000000 020446 089bcc 01 MS 0 0 1 [20] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 0aa012 000043 01 MS 0 0 1 [21] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 0aa058 000bbc 00 0 0 4 [22] .debug_line_str PROGBITS 00000000 0aac14 000066 01 MS 0 0 1 [23] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 0aac7c 000f40 10 24 134 4 [24] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 0abbbc 0009a3 00 0 0 1 [25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 0ac55f 00011c 00 0 0 1 Key to Flags: W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info), L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS), C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude), D (mbind), y (purecode), p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
Program Headers: Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align LOAD 0x001000 0x08000000 0x08000000 0x00e90 0x00e90 R E 0x1000 LOAD 0x002000 0x20000000 0x08000e90 0x0000c 0x0002c RW 0x1000 LOAD 0x00002c 0x2000002c 0x08000e9c 0x00000 0x00604 RW 0x1000
arm-none-eabi-objdump -h -S cpptest.elf > "cpptest.list" text data bss dec hex filename 3728 12 1572 5312 14c0 cpptest.elf Finished building: default.size.stdout
main.cpp가 되고 나서 마지막 두줄이 생겼다?
$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-readelf -a cpptest.elf ELF Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2's complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX - System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: ARM Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x8000375 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 714648 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x5000200, Version5 EABI, soft-float ABI Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 3 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 26 Section header string table index: 25
Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al [ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0 [ 1] .isr_vector PROGBITS 08000000 001000 0001e4 00 A 0 0 1 [ 2] .text PROGBITS 080001e4 0011e4 000c94 00 AX 0 0 4 [ 3] .rodata PROGBITS 08000e78 001e78 000024 00 A 0 0 4 [ 4] .ARM.extab PROGBITS 08000e9c 00200c 000000 00 W 0 0 1 [ 5] .ARM PROGBITS 08000e9c 00200c 000000 00 W 0 0 1 [ 6] .preinit_array PREINIT_ARRAY 08000e9c 00200c 000000 04 WA 0 0 1 [ 7] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 08000e9c 001e9c 000004 04 A 0 0 4 [ 8] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 08000ea0 001ea0 000004 04 A 0 0 4 [ 9] .data PROGBITS 20000000 002000 00000c 00 WA 0 0 4 [10] .bss NOBITS 2000000c 00200c 000020 00 WA 0 0 4 [11] ._user_heap_stack NOBITS 2000002c 00202c 000604 00 WA 0 0 1 [12] .ARM.attributes ARM_ATTRIBUTES 00000000 00200c 000029 00 0 0 1 [13] .debug_info PROGBITS 00000000 002035 002195 00 0 0 1 [14] .debug_abbrev PROGBITS 00000000 0041ca 000ba7 00 0 0 1 [15] .debug_aranges PROGBITS 00000000 004d78 000370 00 0 0 8 [16] .debug_rnglists PROGBITS 00000000 0050e8 000273 00 0 0 1 [17] .debug_macro PROGBITS 00000000 00535b 019149 00 0 0 1 [18] .debug_line PROGBITS 00000000 01e4a4 003a21 00 0 0 1 [19] .debug_str PROGBITS 00000000 021ec5 08a262 01 MS 0 0 1 [20] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 0ac127 000043 01 MS 0 0 1 [21] .debug_frame PROGBITS 00000000 0ac16c 000bbc 00 0 0 4 [22] .debug_line_str PROGBITS 00000000 0acd28 000066 01 MS 0 0 1 [23] .symtab SYMTAB 00000000 0acd90 000f40 10 24 134 4 [24] .strtab STRTAB 00000000 0adcd0 0009aa 00 0 0 1 [25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 0ae67a 00011c 00 0 0 1 Key to Flags: W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info), L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS), C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude), D (mbind), y (purecode), p (processor specific)
There are no section groups in this file.
Program Headers: Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align LOAD 0x001000 0x08000000 0x08000000 0x00ea4 0x00ea4 R E 0x1000 LOAD 0x002000 0x20000000 0x08000ea4 0x0000c 0x0002c RW 0x1000 LOAD 0x00002c 0x2000002c 0x08000eb0 0x00000 0x00604 RW 0x1000
No version information found in this file. Attribute Section: aeabi File Attributes Tag_CPU_name: "7-M" Tag_CPU_arch: v7 Tag_CPU_arch_profile: Microcontroller Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-2 Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4 Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754 Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte Tag_ABI_enum_size: small Tag_CPU_unaligned_access: v6
Reference documents EEPROM emulation solutions and application notes are available for other STM32 series as listed below. [1] Application note STM32F0 series EEPROM emulation in STM32F0xx microcontrollers (AN4061) [2] Application note STM32F1 series EEPROM emulation in STM32F10x microcontrollers (AN2594) [3] Application note STM32F2 series EEPROM emulation in STM32F2xx microcontrollers (AN3390) [4] Application note STM32F3 series EEPROM emulation in STM32F30x/STM32F31x STM32F37x/STM32F38x microcontrollers (AN4056) [5] Application note STM32F4 series EEPROM emulation in STM32F40x/STM32F41x microcontrollers (AN3969) [6] Application note Building wireless applications with STM32WB series microcontrollers (AN5289) [7] Reference manual STM32H563/H573 and STM32H562 Arm®-based 32-bit MCUs (RM0481)
● eeprom.c: it contains C code for the following project routines: EE_Init() EE_Format() EE_FindValidPage() EE_VerifyPageFullWriteVariable() EE_ReadVariable() EE_PageTransfer() EE_WriteVariable() ● eeprom.h: it contains the routine prototypes and some declarations
Write Protect는 0에서 31 까지 총 32개.. 8개 섹터당 1개의 write protect 인가
2.4.2 Write protection In high-density and connectivity line devices, from page 0 to page 61, write protection is implemented with a granularity of two pages at a time. The remaining memory block (from page 62 to page 255 in high-density devices, and from page 62 to page 127 in connectivity line devices) is write-protected at once.
Depending on the selected boot mode, main Flash memory, system memory or SRAM is accessible as follows: Boot from main Flash memory: the main Flash memory is aliased in the boot memory space (0x0000 0000), but still accessible from its original memory space (0x800 0000). In other words, the Flash memory contents can be accessed starting from address 0x0000 0000 or 0x800 0000. Boot from system memory: the system memory is aliased in the boot memory space (0x0000 0000), but still accessible from its original memory space (0x1FFF B000 in connectivity line devices, 0x1FFF F000 in other devices). Boot from the embedded SRAM: SRAM is accessible only at address 0x2000 0000.
Embedded boot loader The embedded boot loader is located in the System memory, programmed by ST during production. It is used to reprogram the Flash memory with one of the available serial interfaces: In low-, medium- and high-density devices the bootoader is activated through the USART1 interface. In XL-density devices the boot loader is activated through the following interfaces: USART1 or USART2 (remapped). In connectivity line devices the boot loader can be activated through one of the following interfaces: USART1, USART2 (remapped), CAN2 (remapped) or USB OTG FS in Device mode (DFU: device firmware upgrade).
