lspci is a utility for displaying information about all PCI buses in the system and all devices connected to them.
By default, it shows a brief list of devices. Use the options
described below to request either a more verbose output or output
intended for parsing by
other programs.
If you are going to report bugs in PCI device drivers or in lspci itself, please include output of "lspci -vvx" or even better "lspci -vvxxx"
(however, see below for possible caveats).
Some parts of the output, especially in the highly verbose
modes, is probably intelligible only to experienced PCI hackers. For
the exact definitions of the
fields, please consult either the PCI specifications or the header.h and /usr/include/linux/pci.h include files.
Access to some parts of the PCI configuration space is restricted to root on many operating systems, so the features of lspci available to normal
users are limited. However, lspci tries its best to display as much as available and mark all other information with <access denied>
text.
LFS는 Linux From Scratch의 약자이고, RootFS부터 차근차근 올리는 방법이다.
UCK는 Ubuntu Cutomization Kit의 약자이고,GUI 환경에서 배포판을 만들 수 있다고 한다.
Welcome to Linux From Scratch!
Linux From Scratch (LFS) is a project that provides you with
step-by-step instructions for building your own custom Linux system,
entirely from source code.
Currently, the Linux From Scratch organization consists of the following
subprojects:
LFS :: Linux From Scratch is the main book, the base from which all other projects
are derived.
BLFS :: Beyond Linux From Scratch helps you extend your finished LFS installation into a more
customized and usable system.
ALFS :: Automated Linux From Scratch provides tools for automating and managing
LFS and BLFS builds.
CLFS :: Cross Linux From Scratch provides the means to cross-compile an LFS system on many types of systems.
HLFS :: Hardened Linux From Scratch focuses on building an LFS system with heightened
security.
Hints
:: The Hints project is a collection of documents that explain how to
enhance your LFS system in ways that are not included in the LFS or
BLFS books.
LiveCD :: The LiveCD project provides a CD that is useful as an LFS build host or as a general rescue CD.
Patches :: The Patches project serves as a central repository for all patches useful to an LFS user.
The Syslinux Project covers lightweight bootloaders for
MS-DOS FAT filesystems (SYSLINUX), network booting (PXELINUX),
bootable "El Torito" CD-ROMs (ISOLINUX), and
Linux ext2/ext3 filesystems (EXTLINUX).
The project also includes MEMDISK, a tool to boot legacy operating systems (such as DOS) from nontraditional media; it is usually used in conjunction with PXELINUX and ISOLINUX.
menu background splash.jpg
menu title Welcome to F10-i686-Live!
menu color border 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color sel 7 #ffffffff #ff000000
menu color title 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color tabmsg 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color unsel 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color hotsel 0 #ff000000 #ffffffff
menu color hotkey 7 #ffffffff #ff000000
menu color timeout_msg 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color timeout 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu color cmdline 0 #ffffffff #00000000
menu hidden
menu hiddenrow 5
label linux0
menu label Boot
kernel vmlinuz0 append initrd=initrd0.img root=UUID=00CB-3317rootfstype=vfat rw liveimg overlay=UUID=00CB-3317quiet rhgb
menu default
label check0
menu label Verify and Boot
kernel vmlinuz0
append initrd=initrd0.img root=UUID=00CB-3317 rootfstype=vfat rw liveimg overlay=UUID=00CB-3317 quiet rhgb check
label memtest
menu label Memory Test
kernel memtest
label local
menu label Boot from local drive
localboot 0xffff
APPEND options...
Add one or more options to the kernel command line. These are added
both for automatic and manual boots. The options are added at the very
beginning of the kernel command line, usually permitting explicitly
entered kernel options to override them. This is the equivalent of the
LILO "append" option.
APPEND -
Append nothing. APPEND with a single hyphen as argument in a LABEL section can be used to override a global APPEND.
이 외계어들은 머냐면, 문득 liveCD가 어떻게 작동되는지 궁금해서 뒤져보다가 발견한 것들이다.
일단 syslinux 라는 것을 기반으로 USB liveCD가 작동이 되는데, 그 syslinux의 환경설정파일은
syslinux.cfg 파일의 내용 중, persistent overlay를 설정한것과 안한 것의 차이는 저 append의 내용 차이뿐이었다.
897initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk 1882root= [KNL] Root filesystem 1889rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type 1904rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
rhgb = redhat graphical boot - This is a GUI mode booting screen with
most of the information hidden while the user sees a rotating activity
icon spining and brief information as to what the computer is doing.
quiet = hides the majority of boot messages before rhgb starts. These
are supposed to make the common user more comfortable. They get alarmed
about seeing the kernel and initializing messages, so they hide them for
their comfort.
DESCRIPTION
rdate connects to an RFC 868 time server over a TCP/IP network, printing the returned time and/or setting the
system clock.
OPTIONS
-p Print the time returned by the remote machine.
-sSet the system time to the returned time.
-u Use UDP instead of TCP as the transport.
-l Use syslog to output errors (cron.warning) and output (cron.info).
-t Set timeout in seconds for every attempt to retreive date.
HISTORY
2004-03-16 Johan Nilsson <joh-nils@dsv.su.se>
Timeout support added.
2002-11-06 Elliot Lee <sopwith@redhat.com>
Patch from Tomek Orzechowski <orzech@pld.org.pl> - alarm(10) to not wait forever for connections.
2001-05-23 Phil Knirsch <pknirsch@redhat.com>
Added UDP protocol support. Close the connection after message handling in conformance to RFC 868.
2002-03-07 Elliot Lee <sopwith@redhat.com>
Add syslog functionality.
2000-02-04 Elliot Lee <sopwith@redhat.com>
Wrote it (previous incarnation had license problems, all 200 lines of it).
Utilities May 2001 RDATE(1)
rdate는 NTP(Network Time Protocol)을 이용하여 시간을 동기화 시켜 주는 유틸리티 이다.
윈도우에서 사용하는 기본 타임 서버는
time.windows.com
time.nist.gov
이며, 국내에서 사용하는 타임서버로는
time.kriss.re.kr
time.bora.net
등이 있다.
Fedora 에서는
0.fedora.pool.ntp.org
1.fedora.pool.ntp.org
2.fedora.pool.ntp.org
을 사용한다.