구차니의 잡동사니 모음

When the kernel is tainted, it means that it is in a state that is not supported by the community. Most kernel developers will ignore bug reports involving tainted kernels, and community members may ask that you correct the tainting condition before they can proceed with diagnosing problems related to the kernel. In addition, some debugging functionality and API calls may be disabled when the kernel is tainted.

In most cases involving proprietary drivers, you can safely ignore the taint condition, but some scenarios which cause the kernel to become tainted may be indicative of serious system problems.

The feature is intended to identify conditions which may make it difficult to properly troubleshoot a kernel problem. For example, the loading of a proprietary module can make kernel debug output unreliable because kernel developers don't have access to the module's source code and therefore cannot determine what the module may have done to the kernel. Likewise, if the kernel had previously experienced an error condition or if a serious hardware error had occurred, the debug information generated by the kernel may not be reliable.

The kernel may become tainted for any of several reasons, including (but not limited to) the following:

• The use of a proprietary (or non-GPL-compatible) kernel module—this is the most common cause of tainted kernels and usually results from loading proprietary NVIDIA or AMD video drivers
• The use of staging drivers, which are part of the kernel source code but are not fully tested
• The use of out-of-tree modules that are not included with the Linux kernel source code
• Forcible loading or unloading of a kernel module (such as forcibly inserting a module not built for the current version of the kernel)
• The use of an SMP (multiprocessor) kernel on certain unsupported uniprocessor CPUs, primarily older AMD Athlon processors
• Overriding of the ACPI DSDT, sometimes needed to correct for power-management bugs (see here for details)
• Certain critical error conditions, such as machine check exceptions and kernel oopses
• Certain serious bugs in the system firmware (BIOS, UEFI) which the kernel must work around 

$ sudo apt-file search cgset

cgroup-tools: /usr/bin/cgset

cgroup-tools: /usr/share/man/man1/cgset.1.gz

fpc-source-2.6.4: /usr/share/fpcsrc/2.6.4/compiler/ncgset.pas 

$ apt-cache search cgroup-tools

cgroup-bin - control and monitor control groups (transitional package)

cgroup-tools - control and monitor control groups (tools) 

VIRT stands for the virtual size of a process, which is the sum of memory it is actually using, memory it has mapped into itself (for instance the video card’s RAM for the X server), files on disk that have been mapped into it (most notably shared libraries), and memory shared with other processes. VIRT represents how much memory the program is able to access at the present moment.

RES stands for the resident size, which is an accurate representation of how much actual physical memory a process is consuming. (This also corresponds directly to the %MEM column.) This will virtually always be less than the VIRT size, since most programs depend on the C library.

SHR indicates how much of the VIRT size is actually sharable (memory or libraries). In the case of libraries, it does not necessarily mean that the entire library is resident. For example, if a program only uses a few functions in a library, the whole library is mapped and will be counted in VIRT and SHR, but only the parts of the library file containing the functions being used will actually be loaded in and be counted under RES. 

       --load-cookies file

           Load cookies from file before the first HTTP retrieval.  file is a

           textual file in the format originally used by Netscape's

           cookies.txt file.

           When specified, causes --save-cookies to also save session cookies.

           Session cookies are normally not saved because they are meant to be

           kept in memory and forgotten when you exit the browser.  Saving

           them is useful on sites that require you to log in or to visit the

           home page before you can access some pages.  With this option,

           multiple Wget runs are considered a single browser session as far

           as the site is concerned.

           Since the cookie file format does not normally carry session

           cookies, Wget marks them with an expiry timestamp of 0.  Wget's

           --load-cookies recognizes those as session cookies, but it might

           confuse other browsers.  Also note that cookies so loaded will be

           treated as other session cookies, which means that if you want

           --save-cookies to preserve them again, you must use

           --keep-session-cookies again. 

       --user=user

       --password=password

           Specify the username user and password password for both FTP and

           HTTP file retrieval.  These parameters can be overridden using the

           --ftp-user and --ftp-password options for FTP connections and the

           --http-user and --http-password options for HTTP connections. 

stty -speed 19200 -f /dev/ttyS1

echo -ne '\033[2J' > /dev/ttyS1

cat -v < /dev/ttyS1 

# stty --help

BusyBox v1.20.2 (2015-12-21 15:35:08 KST) multi-call binary.

Usage: stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...

Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,

and deviations from stty sane

        -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin

        -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form

        -g              Print in stty-readable form

        [SETTING]       See manpage 

# stty -a -F /dev/ttyAMA2

speed 9600 baud;stty: /dev/ttyAMA2

 line = 0;

intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = <undef>;

eol2 = <undef>; swtch = <undef>; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R;

werase = ^W; lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;

-parenb -parodd cs8 hupcl -cstopb cread clocal -crtscts

-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoff

-iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -iutf8

opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0

isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt

echoctl echoke 

# stty -F /dev/ttyAMA2 speed 115200

9600 

# stty -a -F /dev/ttyAMA2

speed 115200 baud;stty: /dev/ttyAMA2

 line = 0;

intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = <undef>;

eol2 = <undef>; swtch = <undef>; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R;

werase = ^W; lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;

-parenb -parodd cs8 hupcl -cstopb cread clocal -crtscts

-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoff

-iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -iutf8

opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0

isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt

echoctl echoke 

# stty -F /dev/ttyAMA2 min 0 time 10